kippa, traditional skull cap for Catholics or Jews or pagans Yamulka Sacred or pagan

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The kippa is one of Judaism's most sacred items. A man can not go into a synagogue to worship God without one. Many believers, both Jewish and Gentile, wear the kippa to identify with the Jewish People. This is why I wore one for 27 years. It was more of a need on my part, because I saw it as what religious Jews were supposed to look like, and it is what we are taught in the Yashiva's. But I was compelled to investigate the history to see its pagan origin and symbolism, and I removed it. Many colleagues have done the same.

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Ask any of my Rabbi friends whether there is any Torah support for the Kippa and they will tell you NO,
We are to be an example to our People in the Way that they should go (Jeremiah 15:19).

Where is any biblical basis for the wearing of the kipa?

There is no problem with the woman's head covering for modesty and submission to authority, or a man wearing a hat, etc., but the kippa is different. It is a religious symbol in and of itself. And what it symbolizes,then YOU WILL COME TO SEE as I did, the sun, the sun god, and his followers. The sun god is none other than Satan himself.1 We have no place with them even if it means 'separating' from what our People think and do. For they are to follow us, not us them. We are to walk in His Torah Truth. We who care, should realize, some Traditions should not be followed just because our fathers followed them, IN FACT GET SUSPICIOUS WHEN SOMETHING IS ENFORCED ONTO US WITHOUT SUPPORT FROM THE TENACH.

This is the quote from  : http://www.chabad.org/ (1) One should not walk bare-headed (the distance of) four cubits1. - (2) Nowadays there is an additional prohibition, not only to walk a short distance, but even to sit in the house bare-headed . - (3) It should be even worn during sleep at night . - (4) Small children should also be raised to cover their heads 4. -  - - symbolizes our humility and sense of shame in the presence of G-d . Does the Pope and his preists also feel shame in their pagan idolatry attire.
"One needs to ask "why do we as Jews need to be ashamed,  or feel shame when seeking our Creator God Yahweh.?"



Not one word in Scripture implies that the Children of Israel People had the kippa at the time of Moses or King David or Ezra, or Jeremiah, or Isaiah, or any other Prophet in the Tenach. It has been a Jewish tradition for centuries but it has no biblical basis why?, And it is of pagan origin that came out of babylon, and seems to mainly oginiate from the diaspora in Europe. If one says that the kippa is like the bonnet (KJV: Exodus 39:28, etc.), or the hat that Yahveh gave to the priests, I would ask for a reference that describes the bonnet to be a kippa.

The burden of proof is upon the one doing the tradition:

"Why do you do what you do? What biblical basis do you have? For if you do not have a Torah basis then you are walking in a tradition. It is very important to understand where the tradition comes from." Don't just do it because everyone else is!

For if the Kippa is of pagan origin, we must have nothing to do with it. If it is not, and it enhances Scriptures, then it is alright.
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ASK THE QUESTION
'Does the kippa symbolize submission to the God of Israel or to the sun god, Satan?' And if to the God of Israel, then we must be able to substantiate our claim with Scripture FROM THE TENACH. If a man wants to wear a turban, fine. But God never commanded it for anyone in Israel except Aaron the High Priest and his sons. Turbans today take on a form of identification, as to if one is a Moslem, and from what country. Just by the color or the way it is wrapped. But just because they wear them, The turban itself IS NOT pagan. The turban does not contain within itself a religious symbolic meaning. But not so with the kippa,

IF FACT THE KIPPA HAS SUCH A HOLY CLAIM ON JUDAISM AS WE KNOW IT TODAY, THAT YOU DARE NOT REMOVE IT WHILST IN THE SYNAGOGUE.

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The Kippa of the Sun God
Lets not suggest that it is offensive to God to wear a hat or turban for a man, or a head covering or hat for a woman. Our concern should be "is that the kippa is not a hat in the proper term of the word but has religious symbolism. What does it mean?, What did it symbolize in ancient times, ?
The roundness of it suggests the sun. There are places in Scripture where the Yahveh tells us not to shave our heads in the form of a circle (because this is originally what all the priests of Baal, Bacchus, Tamuz, Apollo, Zeus Jupiter, Dagon, etc. did), to signify their allegiance to the sun god.

Wearing a kippa is one very small step removed from having the head shaved that way. But the symbolism remains the same.


The kippa represents the circle or nimbus of light that encircles the Catholic pictures of 'their Christ' and 'Mary' and 'Joseph' and all the other 'saints'. This circle of light that radiants from their head is supposed to suggest their deity or godness. But in actuality they were taken from the pictures and statues of the 'gods and goddess' of Babylon.2 "Believe it or not"

Pagan worship was rampant in the ancient world. From Ireland to Egypt, to Assyria to India, and unto China and Mexico, the idolatrous pagan traditions were the same through-out the world. The names of the gods and goddess' changing, but the rituals remaining the same or similar. It all emanated from Bavel (Babylon). However, realize from the Common Era, that the people lived in small villages, and the only form of education came mainly from the Friars, Monks, and Priest of the Catholic Church, but many were illiterate. It was an easy task to delude the entire world.
'The disk and particularly the circle were the well known symbols of the Sun-divinity, and figured largely in the symbolism of the East. With the circle or the disk, the head of the Sun divinity was encompassed. The same was the case in Pagan Rome'3 (Roman Empire before the Catholic Church conquered it). Hislop goes on to say that the nimbus was the same for the Roman Madonna (Virgin Mary). The kipa is the physical representation of the nimbus or disk or circle.
Leviticus 19:27 reads: 'You shall not shave around the sides of your head, nor harm the edges of your beard.'4 (NKJV) It is this rounded head that the ancient pagans, and many Catholic clerics to this day, wear as a symbol of identification with the god of the sun. Where did the Pope and his Cardinals get their kipot (kipa's), from? Some say they took it from the Jews. But the Catholics had it long before we did.


DID WE AS A PEOPLE COPY THE PAGANS, OR THE POPES? OR DID WE PUT IT ON OUR HEADS, TO COVER THOSE WHO WERE BALD, AND DID NOT WANT TO APPEAR THAT THEY HAD SHAVED THEIR HEADS AS THE PAGANS DID?



The dictionary states that a tonsure (the head shaved in the form of a circle), means 'to shear'. 'The Roman Catholic or Eastern rite of admission to the clerical state by the clipping or shaving of a portion of the head', 'the shaven crown or patch worn by monks and other clerics', 'a bald spot resembling a tonsure'.5 'to shave the head', especially to confer some kind of clerical authority. This is the identical custom of the pagan religions.
Alexander Hislop writes:

'These celibate priests, Monks, Friars, have all a certain mark set upon them at their ordination; and that is the clerical tonsure. The tonsure is the first part of the ceremony of ordination; and it is held to be a most important element in connection with the orders of the Romish clergy.
When, after long contendings, the Picts were at last brought to submit to the Bishop of Rome, the acceptance of this tonsure as the tonsure of St. Peter on the part of the clergy was the visible symbol of that submission. Naitan, the Pictish king, having assembled the nobles of his court and the pastors of his church, thus addressed them: "I recommend all the clergy of my kingdom to receive the tonsure."
Then, without delay, as Bede informs us, this important revolution was accomplished by royal authority. He sent agents into every province, and caused all the ministers and monks to receive the circular tonsure, according to the Roman fashion, and thus to submit to Peter, "the most blessed Prince of the apostles." "It was the mark," says Merle D'Aubigne, "that Popes stamped not on the forehead, but on the crown. A royal proclamation, and a few clips of the scissors, placed the Scotch, like a flock of sheep, beneath the crook of the shepherd of the Tiber."
Now, as Rome set so much importance on this tonsure, let it be asked what was the meaning of it? It was the visible inauguration of those who submitted to it as the priests of Bacchus. This tonsure cannot have the slightest pretence to BIBLICAL authority., but of the Chaldean "Peter" of the Mysteries. He was a tonsured priest, for so was the god whose Mysteries he revealed.
Centuries before the Common era, thus spoke Herodotus of the Babylonian tonsure:
"The Arabians acknowledge no other gods than Bacchus and Urania (i.e. the Queen of Heaven), and they say that their hair was cut in the same manner as Bacchus's is cut; now, they cut it in a circular form, shaving it around the temples."
What, then, could have led to this tonsure of Bacchus? Everything in his history was mystically or hieroglyphically represented, and that in such a way as none but the initiated could understand. One of the things that occupied the most important place in the Mysteries was the mutilation to which he was subjected when he was put to death.

In memory of that, he was lamented with bitter weeping every year, as 'Rosh-Gheza,' 'the mutilated Prince.' But 'Rosh-Gheza' also signified the 'clipped or shaved head.' Therefore he was himself represented either with the one or the other form of tonsure; and his priests, for the same reason, at their ordination had their heads either clipped or shaven.
Over all the world, where the traces of the Chaldean system are found, this tonsure or shaving of the head is always found along with it. The priests of Osiris, the Egyptian Bacchus, were always distinguished by the shaving of their heads. In Pagan Rome, in India, and even in China, the distinguishing mark of the Babylonian priesthood was the shaven head. Thus Gautama Buddha, who lived at least 540 years before Common Era, when setting up the sect of Buddhism in India which spread to the remotest regions of the East, first shaved his own head, in obedience, as he pretended, to a Divine command, and then set to work to get others to imitate his example.

One of the very titles by which he was called was that of the "Shaved-head." "The shaved-head," says one of the Purans, "that he might perform the orders of Vishnu, formed a number of disciples, and of shaved-heads like himself."
The high antiquity of this tonsure may be seen from the enactment in the Mosaic law against it.

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From the Torah; The Jewish priests were expressly forbidden to make any baldness upon their heads (Lev.21:5)

which sufficiently shows that , even so early as the time of Moses, the "shaved-head" had been already introduced and was the fashion of all pagan religions. We were expressly instructed NOT TO SHAVE OUR HEADS. However, did our Sages take this too far, and placed kippas on our heads in case we were bald., and we could have mistakenly been seen to emulate the pagans, or have we adopted the pagan practice.

In the Church of Rome the heads of the ordinary priests are only clipped, the heads of the monks or regular clergy are shaven, but both alike, at their consecration, receive the circular tonsure, thereby identifying them, beyond all possibility of doubt, with Bacchus, "the mutilated Prince."
Now, if the priests of Rome take away the key of knowledge, and lock up the Bible from the people; if they are ordained to offer the Chaldean sacrifice in honour of the Pagan Queen of Heaven; if they are bound by the Chaldean law of celibacy, that plunges them in profligacy; if, in short, they are all marked at their consecration with the distinguishing mark of the priests of the Chaldean Bacchus, what right, what possible right can they have to be called ministers of Christ?” Unless they represent the Pagan Idol of which the person of Christ took over as replacing the ancient gods and reappearing as Christ in the present day religions, with the Queens of Heaven emerging as "MARY">
In a footnote to "the mutilated Prince" (above) Hislop writes this:

'It has been already shown (p. 18, Note) that among the Chaldeans the one term 'Zero' signified at once 'a circle' and 'the seed.' 'Suro,' 'the seed,' in India, as we have seen, was the sun-divinity incarnate. When that seed was represented in human form, to identify him with the sun, he was represented with the circle, the well-known emblem of the sun's annual course, on some part of his person.
Thus our own god Thor was represented with a blazing circle on his breast. - (WILSON'S Parsi Religion, p. 31.) In Persia and Assyria the circle was represented sometimes on the breast, sometimes round the waist, and sometimes in the hand of the sun-divinity. - (BRYANT, vol. ii., Plates, pp. 216, 406, 409; and LAYARD'S Nineveh and Babylon, p. 160.) In India it is represented at the tip of the finger. - MOOR'S Pantheon, Plate 13, 'Vishnu.'
Hence the circle became the emblem of Tammuz born again, or 'the seed.' The circular tonsure of Bacchus was doubtless intended to point him out as 'Zero,' or 'the seed,' the grand deliverer. And the circle of light around the head of the so-called pictures of Christ was evidently just a different form of the very same thing, and borrowed from the very same source. In other words, the Christ of the Christian religions, is the Tammuz, or the Zeus of the Pagan religions the Sun God or Satan himself. The ceremony of tonsure, says Maurice, referring to the practice of that ceremony in India, 'was an old practice of the priests of Mithra, who in their tonsures imitated the solar disk.' - (Antiquities, vol. vii. p. 851. London, 1800.)

(The sun-god Tammuz, Zeus, Bacchus, Serapis, Dionis, Adonis, were the great lamented gods, and had hair cut in a circular form)



As the sun-god was the great lamented god, and had his hair cut in a circular form, and the priests who lamented him had their hair cut in a similar manner, so in different countries those who lamented the dead and cut off their hair7 in honour of them, cut it in a circular form.
There were traces of that in Greece, as appears from the Electra of Sophocles (line 52, pp. 108, 109); and Herodotus particularly refers to it as practised among the Scythians when giving an account of a royal funeral among that people.
"The body", says he, "is enclosed in wax. They then place it on a carriage, and remove it to another district, where the persons who receive it, like the Royal Scythians, cut off a part of their ear, shave their heads in a circular form," &c. - (Hist., lib. iv. cap. 71, p. 279.)"
Now, while the Pope, as the grand representative of the false Messiah, Christ, received the circular tonsure himself, so all his priests to identify them with the same system are required to submit to the same circular tonsure, to mark them in their measure and their own sphere as representatives of that same false Messiah Christ.'8

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The 'kippa' that the Pope and his Cardinals wear is a mirror reflection of the circular tonsure, a symbol of the solar disk, taking over from the ancient counter part.

The Catholic Pope and his Cardinals had the Kipa long before the Jews, in fact this custom can be traced back to Babylon. And the pagan priests and peoples before the Catholics. The Catholic Church is an extension of Babylon. But why must we Jews follow them? Some tribes in Africa and some South American Indians shave their heads in the exact form of a kippa also. Coincidence?
Can we as Jews, ignore the fact theat our fathers could have been misled and deceived again, just as Dathan and Kora , If this is a pagan practice and profane to Yahveh, then why do we wear a kippa. I for one will no longer be part of what I have come to prove is a pagan symbol that has absolutely no biblical basis, but associates the wearer with the sun god, better known as Satan. Tamuz, his 'son' is the anti-Messiah.

I am not talking about wearing a hat or head covering for a woman, or a hat for a man, but specifically the kipa. The kippa is not a hat or a bonnet or a cap. It is a religious symbol of the sun god. And we Jews for whatever reason, may not have intentionally copied it, I don't know, but it is not for me to wear.
Is the bonnet or cap that Yahveh gave to Aaron and his sons, equal to the kipa? Where is this described? Not pictured by an artist who was not there, as we sometimes see as illustrations in books that talk about biblical things, but some reference that tells us exactly how the bonnet was shaped. For I cannot see how the God of Israel would forbid His People on the one hand, from shaving their heads or cutting their hair in a circle, and then order the priests to look like the pagan priests and people (mourning for the dead), around them.

Some identification marks of God's People are the full untrimmed beard (Lev. 19:27), and the tzit-ziot (Num. 15:37-41). These signify who we are and whose we are, the God of Israel's.

We Jews, are to be a seperated people from the pagan worship systems of the world. Our Father Avram was also called out of Bavel (Babylon). And we are being called out of the apostate Judaism that has embraced Babylon, we are to enlighten our brothers in our Synagogues. We are not here to follow or create our own system, or to walk in man's, but to rediscover Yahveh’s System, His Way, and to walk in it straight from the Torah, and without man’s “manuals” of traditions which are not from the Torah, Our fathers Abraham, Isaac and Jacob through to Jeremiah Isaiah and the people did not wear any kippa’s NOW we must be able to lay down those things that Yahveh is calling us out of. Our efforts will be greatly ridiculed by the Rabbinic, who will see our stand as a threat, for they are in control.

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I hope that you are able to begin to question why you wear the kippa, and if it is sufficient for you to continue to wear it. Perhaps you will never take it off or perhaps this is the beginning of your process, or a confirmation in what Yahveh has been leading you in. For the things that we are emotionally attached to, take time for us to sort out.

The Bonnets
I'd like to share a few verses of Scripture with you that contain what the priests wore on their heads. In Exodus 39:28 it mentions the two types of coverings for Aaron and his sons. One is the 'turban', and one is called a 'bonnet' (KJV) or 'cap' (NAS). It is also mentioned in Ezekiel 21:26 (21:31 in the Hebrew), and Ezekiel 44:18 (and other places).
In looking up the words in question, I have come to see that they would both have better been translated as turban. Here is what I found from the Tenach. The first part of Exodus 39:28 is:

'and the turban fine linen and the hats of the headbands...'9
Tzah-naf: the verb for the turban, means: 'to wind or wrap around'10 'to 'wrap, or wind up, together'11 'to wrap, wind up together'12
Mitz-neh-fet: our noun for the turban, means: 'turban, espec.. of the high priest'13 'turban of high priest, turban of linen, sign of royalty14 'turban of the high priest'15
Tzah-neef: another noun means: 'turban'16 'turban, royal turban'17 'turban'18 'Turban; also a sign of royalty...It was the distinctive head gear of the high priest...The translation turban is supported by the derivation of the word from sanap' (sic: sanaf) 'meaning 'to wrap around.'19
Now we come to the word in question that some translate as bonnet or cap. If it was like a kipa then it would justify the wearing of a kipa for a Jew.
Pah-are: the verb for 'bonnet', means:'to adorn, beautify, honour'20 'beautify, glorify'21 'glorify, beautify, adorn'22
Pih-air: our noun means: 'ornamental head dress, turban'23 'head dress, turban...Ezk 44:18...of priest'24 'turban'25
'Turban. If the idea behind the verb is 'to clothe with beauty' it is only fitting that a derivative from the verb should refer to some kind of clothing. The turban was not limited to a certain sex or worn on just one occasion as the following shows.

It could be worn by women (Is 3:20, KJV 'bonnets') or by men Ezk 24:17, 23, Ezekiel himself, KJV 'tire'). It also was worn by the high priest or priest and was made of linen (Ex 39:28; Ezk 44:18). It was worn by the bridegroom (Isa 61:10), perhaps here with the translation 'wreath' CF. also 'garland' for ashes in Isa 61:3.'26
The word in question (bonnet), is a turban, not a kipa or a bonnet (as we would tend to think of a woman's bonnet). Why the KJV translates it as 'bonnet' is beyond me. The last word that I'd like to deal with from our sentence is in construct with our word in question.
Gah-vah: the verb means: 'to be high'27 'convex, projecting, high'28
Giv-aht: a noun means: 'hill'29
Giv-aht: another noun means: 'hill, height, elevation. lower than a mountain'30 'hill'31
Gah-via: a noun means: 'cup, goblet...the cup or bell of a flower, as an ornament of the sacred candlestick'32 'cup, bowl'33 'cup, bowl'34
Mig-vah-ah: our noun means: 'only pl. Mig-vah-oat: mitres or bonnets of the common priests, probably of a conic form'35 'head gear, turban, of common priest (conical? cf. Di Ex 28:40), Ex 28:40, Lv 8:13'36
Mig-vah-oat: 'turban, head gear, is used only four times: Ex 28:40; 29:9; Lev 8:13, convex in shape perhaps, translated by the RSV as 'cap.' It is worn by the ordinary priests and is to be differentiated from the turban worn by the high priest...'37

There was a special turban for the High Priest but there were also turbans for the Aaronic Priests, the sons of Aaron. There was nothing that resembled a kipa though. And that's why I included the third word, which is in construct with our word in question, for it has the shape of a hill. Some words that might prove helpful in being defined are:
conical: 'resembling a cone esp. in shape'38 I think it would tend to appear as 'hill' shaped. Like the Hills of Judah.
convex: '...vaulted, concave...curved or rounded like the exterior of a sphere or circle...arched up: bulging out...'39 This would seem to fit the description of a turban.
mitre : 'from Latin, head band, turban...Liturgical head dress worn by bishops and abbots.40
bonnet: 'chiefly Scot...a man or boy's cap...a brimless Scotch cap of seamless woolen fabric' (perhaps a stocking cap?), 'a cloth or straw hat tied under the chin and worn by women and small children.'41

Checking out how some bibles translate our words gives us an overall picture: Ezekiel 21:26:
King James Version: diadem
New American Standard: turban
New King James Version: turban
New International Version: turban
Kohlenberger Interlinear:42 turban
Koren Publishers:43 turban
Jewish Publication Society:44 mitre
And Ezekiel 44:18 has:
KJV: bonnets
NAS: turbans
NKJV: turbans
NIV: turbans
Interlinear: turbans
Koren: turbans
Jewish Pub: tires
Exodus 39:28: Remember that this is where the two words are:
KJV: mitre, goodly bonnets
NAS: turban, decorated caps
NKJV: turban, exquisite hats
NIV: turban, headbands
Interlinear:45 turban, hats of the headbands
Koren:46 mitre, turbans
Jewish Pub:47 mitre, head-tires

Speaking with Israelis about why we wear the kippa, two things come up. One means that the person who wears it is really a Jew (a religious Jew; for there are many Jewish Israelis that don't wear the kippa). Many wear them all day while many others just wear them at the bet keneset (synagogue).And many do not wear them whilst saying prayers.

The other reason they will give; is because the priests wore them or probably more accurately, that the priests had their heads covered. (Israelis imagine the priests actually wore the kippa.) (because that is what they are told by the Rabbinic) But we have seen that the Aaronic Priesthood was commanded to wear turbans. (But nowhere are any of the common People commanded to have a head covering. Therefore, there is no biblical basis to have to have one's head covered.) Again, I am not against wearing something on one's head. But the religious symbolism of the kipa has nothing to do with the priests' turbans, and far too much to do with the god of the sun.
The turbans for the priests were not given to them in order for them to be able to stand before God.

The kippa, on the other hand, is required by the Rabbis, for all the people 'to stand before God.' HOWEVER This is not something found in the Torah or the Tenach but is an invention of man 'to cover himself' before God. - - But, "which god?"

As such it reminds us of what Adam and Hava did when they heard His Voice calling to them. They made for themselves fig leaves49 in order to stand before Him. But these were not to be their covering. It was the blood (death), from the skin of an animal50 that was to truly be their covering. Something that God did for them, in order for them to stand in His Presence.

If you choose to wear it to identify with the religious Jewish People, then you are placing yourself symbolically under the authority of the Pharisees, for traditional Judaism is a direct descendant of them, and history records they were Apostates. The kippa is the Rabbinic religious symbol coming from them, and what they say is “what one needs, in order to be covered before the Living God.” But again, ask; "Which G-d?"

Remember the Pope and the pagans had it many centuries before we Jewish People. And of course, it first came into use among the Babylonians as the circular tonsure.


We are to challenge our Jewish People's understanding. - We are to stand up for the simple plain instructions from the Tenach, and in particular the Torah..
Be a follower for Yahveh, not a follower of Rabbis, who have benn following age old traditions of man.

The bottom line is that the kippa is the physical representation of the clerical tonsure that Yahveh commands against in both Leviticus 19:27 and 20:3. The tonsure is the mark for the priests of the sun god, the tonsure being circular, representing the sun, as well as the kippa.
The kippa is the religious symbol of Orthodox and Sefardic Judaism, however the one who wears it places themself under that authority of a pagan system.
It's not an instruction be the Divine Creator.

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Footnotes:
1. The Rev. Alexander Hislop, The Two Babylons 2nd American edition. (Neptune, New Jersey, U.S.A: Loizeaux Brothers, 1959: [written in 1862]), p. 277. The Catholic Church has clothed itself in Christian garb, but is actually the ancient Babylonian Mystery religion revived. Incredible insight on Hislop's part.
2. Ibid. p. 87.
3. Ibid.
4. In commenting on this the Artscroll Chumash says that if one were to do so it would make the top of the head (hair) look round. Page 664.
5. Henry Bosley Woolf, editor in chief, Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary (Springfield, MA, U.S.A: G. & C. Merriam Co., 1980), p. 1220.
6. The Two Babylons, pp. 220-223.
7. It seems to me that this would refer directly to the Commandment of Yahveh for all His People not to follow the pagan practice of the shaved or circular head for the dead, and also not to represent the circle on their head, the kipa.
8. The Two Babylons, p. 222. This section is a footnote to 'the mutilated Prince.' It is footnote Y.
9. John Kohlenberger lll, Editor, The NIV Interlinear Hebrew-English Old Testament vol. 1 / Genesis - Deuteronomy, (Grand Rapids, MI U.S.A: Regency Reference Library, 1979), p. 262. Both the Hebrew and English phrases are taken from the Interlinear. I have left out the vowel pointing, except for the three words that we'll look at.
10. Benjamin Davidson, The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon (Grand Rapids, MI U.S.A: Zondervan Publishing House, 1979), p. 647.
11. Francis Brown, S.R. Driver, Charles Briggs and Wilhelm Gesenius, The New Brown, Driver Briggs and Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon (Lafayette, IN U.S.A: Association Publishers and Authors, Inc., 1978), p. 857.
12. R. Harris, Editor; Gleason Archer, Jr. and Bruce Waltke, Associate Editors, Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, vol. 2 (Chicago, IL U.S.A: Moody press, 1980), p. 1943.
13. The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon, p. 647.
14. The New Brown, Driver Briggs and Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon, p. 857.
15. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, p. 1943.
16. The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon, p. 647.
17. The New Brown, Driver Briggs and Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon, p. 857.
18. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, p. 1943.
19. Ibid.
20. The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon, p. 620.
21. The New Brown, Driver Briggs and Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon, p. 802.
22. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, p. 713.
23. The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon, p. 620.
24. The New Brown, Driver Briggs and Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon, p. 802.
25. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, p. 713.
26. Ibid. p. 714.
27. The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon, p. 129.
28. The New Brown, Driver Briggs and Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon, p. 148.
29. The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon, p. 129.
30. The New Brown, Driver Briggs and Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon, p. 148.
31. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, p. 147.
32. The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon, p. 129.
33. The New Brown, Driver Briggs and Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon, p. 149.
34. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, p. 147.
35. The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon, p. 129.
36. The New Brown, Driver Briggs and Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon, p. 149.
37. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, p. 148.
38. Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, p. 236.
39. Ibid. p. 246.
40. Ibid. p. 731.
41. Ibid. p. 125.
42. The NIV Interlinear Hebrew-English Old Testament, vol. 4 / Isaiah - Malachi, p. 355.
43. The Holy Scriptures, The Prophets (Jerusalem, Israel: Koren Publishers Jerusalem, Ltd., 1989), p. 379. Ezekiel 21:26 is Ezekiel 21:31 in the Hebrew Bible.
44. The Holy Scriptures, vol. ll (Philadelphia, PA U.S.A: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1982), p. 1329. Ezekiel 21:26 is Ezekiel 21:31 in the Hebrew Bible.
45. The NIV Interlinear Hebrew-English Old Testament, vol. 1 / Genesis-Deuteronomy, p. 262.
46. The Holy Scriptures, Tora, p. 112.
47. The Holy Scriptures, vol. l, p. 225.
48. Psalm 110:4: 'Yahveh has sworn and will not change His mind,
49. Genesis 3:7: 'Then the eyes of both of them were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together and made themselves loin coverings.'
50. Genesis 3:21: 'Yahveh God made garments of skin for Adam and his wife, and clothed them.' In order for them to have the skins, an animal would have had to have been slain by Yahveh.
51. Exodus 25:8ff; Leviticus 1-6; 16:1ff.

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